The Origins of Stoicism

Stoicism was born in the vibrant city of Athens in the early 3rd century BC, founded by Zeno of Citium. Zeno, a merchant turned philosopher, began teaching in the Stoa Poikile (Painted Porch), from which Stoicism derives its name. His teachings quickly gained traction, marking the beginning of one of the major philosophical schools of the Hellenistic period. Stoic philosophy stood alongside Epicureanism, Scepticism, and Cynicism, each offering unique perspectives on life and existence.

However, Stoicism’s influence didn’t stop in Athens. It spread across the ancient world, leaving a lasting impact on Roman culture. Notable philosophers such as Epictetus, a former slave, Seneca, an adviser to Emperor Nero, and Marcus Aurelius, a Roman Emperor himself, became torchbearers of Stoicism. Their writings, filled with profound insights and practical wisdom, have survived the test of time and continue to be widely read and revered.

Key Principles of Stoicism

At the heart of Stoic philosophy lie four cardinal virtues: wisdom, courage, justice, and temperance. These virtues form the ethical foundation of Stoicism, guiding Stoics in their actions, decisions, and attitudes.

Wisdom

In the Stoic sense, refers to the understanding of the nature of things, the ability to navigate complex situations, and the discernment to distinguish good from evil.

Courage

Courage is not just physical bravery but also moral courage—the willingness to stand up for what’s right.

Justice

Justice involves fairness, kindness, and the recognition of the dignity of others.

Temperance

The last of the four virtues, is the practice of self-restraint and moderation in all aspects of life.

Further Stoic Principles

The Dichotomy of Control

One of the most well-known principles of Stoic philosophy is the dichotomy of control. Stoics believe that some things are within our control—our thoughts, beliefs, and actions—while others are not—events, the actions of others, the passing of time. This principle encourages us to focus our energy on what we can change and accept what we can’t. By doing so, we can maintain our tranquillity and freedom from distress, regardless of external circumstances.

Amor Fati (love of fate)

Another key Stoic principle is the acceptance of fate, or amor fati (love of fate). Stoics believe that everything happens for a reason and that we should embrace whatever life throws at us. This doesn’t mean passivity or resignation, but rather accepting the reality of a situation and then deciding how best to respond. It’s about finding peace in the unfolding of the universe and seeing every event, good or bad, as an opportunity for growth and learning.

Finally, Stoicism teaches that our mind is our most powerful tool. Our perceptions and judgments shape our reality. By managing our thoughts and emotions, we can maintain equanimity in the face of adversity.

This principle is beautifully encapsulated in the words of Marcus Aurelius:

“You have power over your mind—not outside events. Realise this, and you will find strength.”

The Stoic Way of Life

Stoicism isn’t just a philosophy—it’s a way of life. It provides practical guidance for dealing with the challenges of daily life, from managing stress to dealing with loss. Stoics strive to live in accordance with nature, accepting life as it comes and responding with virtue.

Living the Stoic philosophy means practising mindfulness, being present in the moment, and not allowing the past or future to steal our peace. It means cultivating resilience, learning to bounce back from setbacks, and viewing obstacles as opportunities for growth. It means practising acceptance, letting go of what we can’t control, and focusing on what we can.

Stoicism also encourages us to lead a life of simplicity. Stoics value inner riches over material wealth and believe that true happiness comes from within. They remind us that we are part of a larger whole, interconnected and interdependent, and that we should live in a way that contributes to the common good.

Conclusion

Stoicism offers a timeless framework for navigating life’s ups and downs. Its teachings encourage resilience, mindfulness, and virtue, qualities that can greatly enhance our well-being. As we journey through life, Stoicism serves as a compass, guiding us towards a life of tranquillity and fulfilment.

Whether you’re new to Stoicism or a seasoned practitioner, I hope this introduction has shed some light on this profound philosophy. I invite you to delve deeper into Stoicism, explore its teachings, and see how it can enrich your life. Remember, Stoicism is not just about understanding its principles—it’s about living them.

As we conclude this exploration of Stoicism, I leave you with a quote from Epictetus:

“Don’t explain your philosophy. Embody it.”

As you learn more about Stoicism, I encourage you to embody its principles, to let them guide your actions and decisions, and to let them shape your life.

In the next post we will turn our attention to the individuals who breathed life into these principles—the notable Stoic philosophers Epictetus, Seneca, and Marcus Aurelius.